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Academic boycotts of Israel
Proposals for academic boycotts of Israel have been made by academics and organisations in Palestine,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Call for Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel )〕 the United States,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel )〕 the United Kingdom,〔Newman, David. `The academic boycott of Israel’, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs’, 2 (2), 45–56, 2008〕 and other countries to boycott Israeli universities and academics. The goal of proposed academic boycotts is to isolate Israel in order to force a change in Israel's policies towards the Palestinians which proponents state to be discriminatory and oppressive, including oppressive to the academic freedom of Palestinians.〔http://www.egs.edu/faculty/judith-butler/articles/israel-palestine-paradoxes-of-academic-freedom/〕
The ultimate goals and the mission of the academic boycott align with those of the greater BDS movement, calling for international pressure to be placed on Israeli academic institutions, which are understood by PACBI to be implicated in the perpetuation of Israeli occupation, in order to achieve those goals.
The proposals have been opposed by many scholars and politicians, who describe the campaign as "profoundly unjust" and relying on what they consider to be a "false" apartheid analogy with South Africa. Proponents say that while Apartheid isn't officially the law in the occupied territories, in particular the West Bank, its systematically put in place; separate roads, sidewalks, disproportionate water resources, Jewish-only settlements, and "humiliating checkpoints" are often cited as examples.〔http://www.stanforddaily.com/2014/02/25/separate-and-unequal-discriminatory-policies-in-israel-and-palestine/〕〔http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/iopt1210webwcover_0.pdf〕 Opponents state that the boycotters apply "different standards" to Israel than other countries, that the boycott is "counterproductive and retrograde" and that the campaign is antisemitic and comparable to Nazi boycotts of Jewish shops in the 1930s.〔(ADL Slams British Academic Boycott Policy ), Anti-Defamation League, 26 May 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2008.〕〔(Lecturers call for Israel boycott ), British Broadcasting Corporation, 30 May 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2006.〕〔Tamara Traubmann and Benjamin Joffe-Walt (Israeli university boycott: how a campaign backfired ), The Guardian, 20 June 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2006.〕〔The New York Sun, 6 May 2005. ()〕〔Anthony Julius and Alan Dershowitz in The Times Online 13 June 2007 ()〕 Proponents however, reject the idea of anti-Semitism, noting that Jews have also called for boycotts due to what they perceive as discriminatory policies against Palestinians.〔http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/19/opinion/the-case-for-the-israel-boycott.html〕 Despite these oppositions, academic boycott initiatives have been undertaken, with limited success outside the Middle East.〔("Harvard insists Israeli shares sale not driven by boycott," ) Ewan MacAskill, 16 August 2010, The Guardian.〕〔(Penn distances itself from BDS conference )〕〔(Palestinian university president comes out against boycott of Israeli academics ) (AP, Haaretz) 18 June 2006〕〔(Palestinian academic opposes Israel boycott ) (AP, YnetNews) 18 June 2006〕 The academic boycott has also been termed a collective punishment of Israeli academia.
== The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel ==
The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) was launched in Ramallah in April 2004 by a group of Palestinian academics and intellectuals.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ABOUT THE CAMPAIGN )〕 According to PACBI, "all Israeli academic institutions, unless proven otherwise, are complicit in maintaining the Israeli occupation and denial of basic Palestinian rights."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PACBI Guidelines for the International Academic Boycott of Israel )〕
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